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Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana

Received: 30 September 2022     Accepted: 14 October 2022     Published: 28 October 2022
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Abstract

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
Page(s) 212-220
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health, WASH

References
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[3] World Health Organization. Global progress report on wash in health care facilities [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017542
[4] Kanyangarara M, Allen S, Jiwani SS, Fuente D. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene services in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa 2013-2018: Results of health facility surveys and implications for COVID-19 transmission. BMC health services research. 2021; 21 (1): 601.
[5] World Health Organization. Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2018 [cited 2022 Apr 3]. p. 1. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/water-and-sanitation-health-facility-improvement-tool-wash-fit-practical-guide
[6] World Health Organization. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2019 [cited 2022 Mar 12]. p. 1–5. Available from: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB144/B144_R5-en.pdf
[7] UNICEF. WASH in health care facilities from Resolution to Revolution Meeting Report [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland; 2019. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA72/A72_R7-en.pdf
[8] Ghana News Agency. GHS to implement WASH interventions in three municipalities in Ashanti [Internet]. Ghana News Agency. Kumasi: Ghana News Agency; 2021 [cited 2022 Apr 24]. p. 1–2. Available from: https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21208809
[9] Odagiri M, Cahyorini, Azhar K, Cronin AA, Gressando Y, Hidayat I, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene services in public health-care facilities in Indonesia: Adoption of world health organization/united nations children’s fund service ladders to national data sets for a sustainable development goal baseline assessment. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2018; 99 (2): 546–51.
[10] Bijelović S, Grossi V, Shinee E, Schmoll O, Jovanović D, Paunović K, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene services in health care facilities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Journal of Water and Health. 2021; 00 (0): 1–11.
[11] Mannava P, Murray JCS, Kim R, Sobel HL. Status of water, sanitation and hygiene services for childbirth and newborn care in seven countries in east Asia and the Pacific. J Glob Health. 2019; 9 (2).
[12] Ashinyo ME, Amegah KE, Dubik SD, Ntow-Kummi G, Adjei MK, Amponsah J, et al. Evaluation of water, sanitation and hygiene status of covid-19 healthcare facilities in Ghana using the wash fit approach. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2021; 11 (3): 398–404.
[13] Hirai M, Nyamandi V, Siachema C, Shirihuru N, Dhoba L, Baggen A, et al. Using the water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) in Zimbabwe: A cross-sectional study of water, sanitation and hygiene services in 50 COVID-19 isolation facilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11): 1–11.
[14] Huttinger A, Dreibelbis R, Kayigamba F, Ngabo F, Mfura L, Merryweather B, et al. Water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and quality in rural healthcare facilities in Rwanda. BMC health services research. 2017; 17 (1): 1–11.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. (2022). Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(4), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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    ACS Style

    Solomon Anum Doku; Richmond Bediako Nsiah; Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria; Regina Amoa TuTu; Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(4), 212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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    AMA Style

    Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(4):212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11,
      author = {Solomon Anum Doku and Richmond Bediako Nsiah and Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria and Regina Amoa TuTu and Jerome Kaba Aperiba and George Hector Amonoo and Dominic Nyarko and Paul Kofi Awuah and Gifty Sefaah Owusu and Lynna Naa Adede Obeng and Gilbert Dagoe and Agyapong Kwame Addai and Sandra Frimpomaa and Abigail Boahemaa Boateng and Saviour Katamani and Charles Sarkodie and Mark Bonnir},
      title = {Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana},
      journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
      volume = {8},
      number = {4},
      pages = {212-220},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220804.11},
      abstract = {Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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    T1  - Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana
    AU  - Solomon Anum Doku
    AU  - Richmond Bediako Nsiah
    AU  - Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria
    AU  - Regina Amoa TuTu
    AU  - Jerome Kaba Aperiba
    AU  - George Hector Amonoo
    AU  - Dominic Nyarko
    AU  - Paul Kofi Awuah
    AU  - Gifty Sefaah Owusu
    AU  - Lynna Naa Adede Obeng
    AU  - Gilbert Dagoe
    AU  - Agyapong Kwame Addai
    AU  - Sandra Frimpomaa
    AU  - Abigail Boahemaa Boateng
    AU  - Saviour Katamani
    AU  - Charles Sarkodie
    AU  - Mark Bonnir
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
    T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3592
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
    AB  - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.
    VL  - 8
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Author Information
  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Clinical Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Cape Coast, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Clinical Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Sunyani, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Koforidua, Ghana

  • Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana

  • Community Health Nursing Training College, Wa, Ghana

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