| Peer-Reviewed

Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India

Received: 6 April 2021     Accepted: 22 April 2021     Published: 30 April 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Objective (s): The current investigation has been carried out to determine the health hazard caused by water and mosquito borne diseases in the valley of river Barak along Silchar city (Assam); which has been recognized as a vulnerable area in terms of various kinds of hazards. Materials and Methods: In this study, the data analysis for several water and mosquito borne diseases viz., Acute diarrhoea, Bacillary dysentery, Enteric fever and Malaria has been accomplished proficiently on monthly as well as annually interval for a period of 5 successive years (i.e. 2015 to 2019). Results: The data demonstrates that the concentration of patients affected by Acute diarrhoea and Malaria was found to be decreased irrespective of years. On the other hand, in the cases of Bacillary dysentery and Enteric fever, the concentration of patients has been observed to be continue increasing within due course of the five years. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, It can be argued that Bacillary Dysentery and Enteric fever illustrated the similar and increasing trend; On the contrary, Acute diarrhoea and Malaria has been showed the drastically decreasing trend throughout the study period i.e., from 2015 to 2019.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14
Page(s) 105-111
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Human Health, Acute Diarrhoea, Enteric Fever, Bacillary Dysentery, Malaria

References
[1] Anonymous. River flooding and erosion in Northeast India. Northwest Hydraulics Consultants (NHC), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; 2006.
[2] Prasad E. Situation analysis on floods in East and Northeast India. In: Prasad E, Mukherjee N, editors. Situation Analysis on Floods and Flood Management. Asia Regional Office, Bangkok: IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature; 2014. p. 9-53.
[3] Bora AK. Drainage and Flood. In: Bhagabati AK, Kar BK, Bora AK, editors. Geography of Assam. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Rajesh publications; 2002.
[4] Thakkar H. What, who, how and when of Experiencing Floods as a Disaster. South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers & People, Delhi; 2006.
[5] Mansour SA. Impact of climate change on air and water borne diseases. Air Water Borne Diseases 2013; 3 (1): 1-2.
[6] Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, Lee JS, Mogasale VV, Ramani E, et al. Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment. Lancet Glob Health 2014; (2): e570–580.
[7] Kaljee LM, Pach A, Garrett D, Bajracharya D, Karki K, Khan I. Social and economic burden associated with typhoid fever in Kathmandu and surrounding areas: A qualitative study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018; 218 (S4): S243-S249.
[8] Nanjesh KS, Hegde R, Badiger S, Kiran KG. A study of mosquito borne diseases awareness, attitude and practices among the rural population in Karnataka, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 2017; 4 (11): 4178-4181.
[9] M’Bra RK, Kone B, Soro DP, N'krumah RTAS, Soro N, Ndione JA, et al. Impact of climate variability on the transmission risk of malaria in northern CoÃte d'Ivoire. PLOS ONE 2018; 13 (6): 1-15.
[10] WHO. Fact Sheet: World Malaria Report 2015, World Health Organization; 2016.
[11] Kurup R, Deonarine G, Ansari AA. Malaria trend and effect of rainfall and temperature within Regions 7 and 8, Guyana. International Journal of Mosquito Research 2017; 4 (6): 48-55.
[12] Chang Z, Zhang J, Ran L, Sun J, Liu F, Luo L, et al. The changing epidemiology of bacillary dysentery and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolated in China from 2004–2014. BMC Infectious Diseases 2016; 16: 1-10.
[13] Nandy S, Dutta S, Ghosh S, Ganai A, Rajahamsan J, Theodore RBJ, et al. Foodborne-associated Shigella sonnei, India, 2009 and 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011; 17 (11): 2072-2074.
[14] Nygren BL, Schilling KA, Blanton EM, Silk BJ, Cole DJ, Mintz ED. Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998–2008. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141 (2): 233-241.
[15] Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Mahalanabis D. Public health significance of shigellosis. Indian Pediatrics 2012; 49 (4): 269-270.
[16] Anonymous. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the field: Outbreak of infections caused by Shigella sonnei with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin—Los Angeles, California, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 62 (9): 171; 2013.
[17] He F, Han K, Liu L, Sun W, Zhang L, Zhu B, et al. Shigellosis outbreak associated with contaminated well water in a rural elementary school: Sichuan Province, China, June 7–16, 2009. PLOS ONE 2012; 7 (10): e47239.
[18] Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ, et al. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999; 77 (8): 651-666.
[19] Mouton F, Ohuoba EI, Evans FM, Desalu I. Typhoid enteric fever – part 1. Update in Anaesthesia 2017; 32: 13-16.
[20] House D, Bishop A, Parry C, Dougan G, Wain J. Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and disease. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2001; 14: 573-578.
[21] Yasin N, Jabeen A, Nisa I, Tasleem U, Khan H, Momin F, et al. A review: Typhoid fever. J Bacteriol Infec Dis 2018; 2 (3): 1-7.
[22] Buckle GC, Walker CLF, Black RE. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. journal of global health 2012; 2 (1): 10401.
[23] Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2004; 82 (5): 346-353.
[24] Arjyal A, Basnyat B, Nhan HT, Koirala S, Giri A, Joshi N, et al. Gatifl oxacin versus ceftriaxone for uncomplicated enteric fever in Nepal: an open-label, two-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 1-11.
[25] Guerrant RL, Gilder TV, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauxe RV, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32 (3): 331-351.
[26] Barr W, Smith A. Acute diarrhea in adults. American Family Physician 2014; 89 (3): 180-189.
[27] Annonymous. World Health Organization - World Meteorological Organization. Atlas of health and climate. Geneva: WHO, WMO; 2012.
[28] Funari E, Manganelli M, Sinisi L. Impact of climate change on waterborne diseases. ANN IST SUPER SANITA 2012; 48 (4): 473-487.
[29] Anonymous. Clinical management of acute diarrhoea. WHO/UNICEF JOINT STATEMENT; World Health Organization, Geneva / United Nations Children's Fund, New York; 2004.
[30] Kumar M, Mishra BP. Pattern and inter-relationship between climatic variables pertaining to flood hazard impacting river Barak basin along Silchar city, Assam, Northeast India. Disaster Advances 2019; 12 (3): 32-39.
[31] Roy AT, Deb U, Mazumder R. Sustainable Urban Waste Management in Silchar Municipal Area: An Application of Contingent Valuation Method in Cachar District of Assam. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 2013; 2 (1): 25-33.
[32] Anonymous. City Disaster Management Plan. District Disaster Management Authority, Cachar, Silchar; 2012.
[33] Hagenlocher M, Castro MC. Mapping malaria risk and vulnerability in the United Republic of Tanzania: a spatial explicit model. Population Health Metrics 2015; 13 (2): 1-14.
[34] Rehman RU, Akhtar N, Akram M, Shah PA, Saeed T, Jabeen Q, et al. Bacillary dysentery: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2011; 5 (19): 4704-4708.
[35] Kothari A, Pruthi A, Chugh TD. The burden of Enteric fever. J Infect Developing Countries 2008; 2 (4): 253-259.
[36] Caramia G, Silvi S, Verdenelli MC, Coman MM. Treatment of acute diarrhoea: Past and Now. Int J Enteric Pathog 2015; 3 (4): 8-19.
[37] Sharma RK, Rajvanshi H, Bharti PK, Nisar S, Jayswar H, Mishra AK, et al. Socio-economic determinants of malaria in tribal dominated Mandla district enrolled in Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project in Madhya Pradesh. Malaria Journal 2021; 20: 1-13.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Mohit Kumar, Bhanu Prakash Mishra. (2021). Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 7(2), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Mohit Kumar; Bhanu Prakash Mishra. Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India. J. Health Environ. Res. 2021, 7(2), 105-111. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Mohit Kumar, Bhanu Prakash Mishra. Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India. J Health Environ Res. 2021;7(2):105-111. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14,
      author = {Mohit Kumar and Bhanu Prakash Mishra},
      title = {Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India},
      journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
      volume = {7},
      number = {2},
      pages = {105-111},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20210702.14},
      abstract = {Objective (s): The current investigation has been carried out to determine the health hazard caused by water and mosquito borne diseases in the valley of river Barak along Silchar city (Assam); which has been recognized as a vulnerable area in terms of various kinds of hazards. Materials and Methods: In this study, the data analysis for several water and mosquito borne diseases viz., Acute diarrhoea, Bacillary dysentery, Enteric fever and Malaria has been accomplished proficiently on monthly as well as annually interval for a period of 5 successive years (i.e. 2015 to 2019). Results: The data demonstrates that the concentration of patients affected by Acute diarrhoea and Malaria was found to be decreased irrespective of years. On the other hand, in the cases of Bacillary dysentery and Enteric fever, the concentration of patients has been observed to be continue increasing within due course of the five years. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, It can be argued that Bacillary Dysentery and Enteric fever illustrated the similar and increasing trend; On the contrary, Acute diarrhoea and Malaria has been showed the drastically decreasing trend throughout the study period i.e., from 2015 to 2019.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Health Hazard Associated with Water and Mosquito Borne Diseases: A Case Study in the Barak Valley Along Silchar Town of Assam, Northeast India
    AU  - Mohit Kumar
    AU  - Bhanu Prakash Mishra
    Y1  - 2021/04/30
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14
    T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    SP  - 105
    EP  - 111
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3592
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210702.14
    AB  - Objective (s): The current investigation has been carried out to determine the health hazard caused by water and mosquito borne diseases in the valley of river Barak along Silchar city (Assam); which has been recognized as a vulnerable area in terms of various kinds of hazards. Materials and Methods: In this study, the data analysis for several water and mosquito borne diseases viz., Acute diarrhoea, Bacillary dysentery, Enteric fever and Malaria has been accomplished proficiently on monthly as well as annually interval for a period of 5 successive years (i.e. 2015 to 2019). Results: The data demonstrates that the concentration of patients affected by Acute diarrhoea and Malaria was found to be decreased irrespective of years. On the other hand, in the cases of Bacillary dysentery and Enteric fever, the concentration of patients has been observed to be continue increasing within due course of the five years. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, It can be argued that Bacillary Dysentery and Enteric fever illustrated the similar and increasing trend; On the contrary, Acute diarrhoea and Malaria has been showed the drastically decreasing trend throughout the study period i.e., from 2015 to 2019.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India

  • Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India

  • Sections