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Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana

Received: 7 June 2017     Accepted: 8 August 2017     Published: 26 September 2017
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Abstract

The paper investigated physico-chemical quality of groundwater, considering the relative proximity of hand dug wells to coastal environment, but most importantly close to insanitary facilities like refuse dumps, septic tanks and pit latrines; this was done in selected coastal communities in the Keta. Thirty vials of water samples from selected hand dug wells in two seasons were tested for pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, Turbidity, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate, and Phosphate; WHO standards of drinking water were adopted to validate the results obtained and statistical analysis run. Statistical analysis of results showed a statistical significance in Turbidity, Nitrate, Phosphate, Calcium and Magnesium values at p<0.05, between the two seasons. There was a weak but significant correlation between Calcium and distance (r=0.398) and a strong correlation between Magnesium and distance (r=0.763). The study revealed that all the hand dug wells sampled recorded relatively high concentration of conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphates, irrespective of their proximity to the insanitary facilities and coastal environment, apart from nitrates when compared to WHO standards of drinking water.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12
Page(s) 51-56
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Groundwater, Physico Chemical Quality, Coastal Communities, Sanitation

References
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[2] Banoeng-Yakubu, B. K., Akabzaa, M., Hotor. V. & Danso S. K. (2006). The application of electrical resistivity techniques in the delineation of seawater-freshwater in the Keta Basin, Ghana. In Y. Xu, B. Usher (Eds.), Groundwater Pollution in Africa. (pp. 193-202). Taylor & Francis/Balkema. 353 pp.
[3] Basavaraddi, S. B., Kousar, H., & Puttaiah, E. T. (2012). Seasonal Variation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking in and around Tiptur Town, Tumkur District, Karnataka, India: A WQI Approach. Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res, 2, 562-567.
[4] Bellizzi, V., DeNicola, L., Minutolo, R., Russo, D., Cianciaruso, B., Andreucci, M. & Andreucci, V. (1999). Effects of water hardness on urinary risk factors for kidney stones in patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis. Nephron, 81 (Suppl. 1), 66-70.
[5] Douagui, A. G., Kouame, I. K., Koffi, K., Goula, A. T. B., Dibi, B., Gone, D. L., ... & Savane, I. (2012). Assessment of the bacteriological quality and nitrate pollution risk of Quaternary groundwater in the southern part of Abidjan District (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 6 (3), 227-238.
[6] Finlayson, C. M., Gordon C., Ntiamoah-Baidu, Y., Tumbulto, J., & Storrs, M. (2000). The Hydrobiology of Keta and Songor lagoons: Implications for wetland management in Ghana. Supervising Scientist Report 152, Supervising Scientist, Darwin.
[7] Galvin, M. (1996). Occurrence of metals in waters: an overview. Water S. A., 22 (1), 7-18.
[8] Graham, J. P., & Polizzotto, M. L. (2013). Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review. Environmental health perspectives, 121.
[9] Helstrup, T., Jorgensen, N. O & Banoeng-Yakubo, B., (2007). Investigation of hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater from the Cretaceous–Eocene limestone in southern Ghana and southern Togo using hierarchical cluster analysis. Journal of Hydrogeology, 15, 977–989.
[10] Hoko, (2008). An assessment of quality of water from boreholes in Bindura District, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 33, 824–828.
[11] Kouame, I. K., Douagui, A. G., Koffi, K., Gouala A. T. B., Dibi, B., Gone, D. L., Coulibaly, K., Seka, A. M., Koussi, A. K., Mangwa, J. M. O., & Savane, I. (2012). Assessment of the bacteriological quality and nitrate pollution risk of Quaternary groundwater in the southern part of Abidjan District. Journal of Hydro-environment Research 6, 227-238.
[12] Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Dahiya, R. P., & Chandra, A. (2006). Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 118(1-3), 435-456.
[13] Moyo, N. A. G. (2013). An analysis of the chemical and microbiological quality of ground water from boreholes and shallow wells in Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 66, 27-32.
[14] Nolan, B. T., Ruddy, B. C., Hitt, K. J. & Helsel, D. R. (1998). A National Look at Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water. Water Conditioning and Purification, vol 39 (12), pp 76-79.
[15] Palamuleni, L., & Akoth, M. (2015). Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Selected Borehole Water in Mahikeng, South Africa. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12 (8), 8619-8630.
[16] Rao, (2005). Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 49: 413–429.
[17] Schafer, A. I., Rossiter, H. M. A., Owusu, P. A., Awuah E. & MacDonald, A. M. (2010). Chemical drinking water quality in Ghana: Water cost and scope for advanced Treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 2378-2386.
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Cite This Article
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    Norvivor Forgive Awo, Gordon Chris, Appeaning-Addo Kwasi. (2017). Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12

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    ACS Style

    Norvivor Forgive Awo; Gordon Chris; Appeaning-Addo Kwasi. Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana. J. Health Environ. Res. 2017, 3(3), 51-56. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12

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    AMA Style

    Norvivor Forgive Awo, Gordon Chris, Appeaning-Addo Kwasi. Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana. J Health Environ Res. 2017;3(3):51-56. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12,
      author = {Norvivor Forgive Awo and Gordon Chris and Appeaning-Addo Kwasi},
      title = {Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana},
      journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
      volume = {3},
      number = {3},
      pages = {51-56},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20170303.12},
      abstract = {The paper investigated physico-chemical quality of groundwater, considering the relative proximity of hand dug wells to coastal environment, but most importantly close to insanitary facilities like refuse dumps, septic tanks and pit latrines; this was done in selected coastal communities in the Keta. Thirty vials of water samples from selected hand dug wells in two seasons were tested for pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, Turbidity, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate, and Phosphate; WHO standards of drinking water were adopted to validate the results obtained and statistical analysis run. Statistical analysis of results showed a statistical significance in Turbidity, Nitrate, Phosphate, Calcium and Magnesium values at p<0.05, between the two seasons. There was a weak but significant correlation between Calcium and distance (r=0.398) and a strong correlation between Magnesium and distance (r=0.763). The study revealed that all the hand dug wells sampled recorded relatively high concentration of conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphates, irrespective of their proximity to the insanitary facilities and coastal environment, apart from nitrates when compared to WHO standards of drinking water.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Keta South, Ghana
    AU  - Norvivor Forgive Awo
    AU  - Gordon Chris
    AU  - Appeaning-Addo Kwasi
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12
    T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    SP  - 51
    EP  - 56
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3592
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20170303.12
    AB  - The paper investigated physico-chemical quality of groundwater, considering the relative proximity of hand dug wells to coastal environment, but most importantly close to insanitary facilities like refuse dumps, septic tanks and pit latrines; this was done in selected coastal communities in the Keta. Thirty vials of water samples from selected hand dug wells in two seasons were tested for pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, Turbidity, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate, and Phosphate; WHO standards of drinking water were adopted to validate the results obtained and statistical analysis run. Statistical analysis of results showed a statistical significance in Turbidity, Nitrate, Phosphate, Calcium and Magnesium values at p<0.05, between the two seasons. There was a weak but significant correlation between Calcium and distance (r=0.398) and a strong correlation between Magnesium and distance (r=0.763). The study revealed that all the hand dug wells sampled recorded relatively high concentration of conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphates, irrespective of their proximity to the insanitary facilities and coastal environment, apart from nitrates when compared to WHO standards of drinking water.
    VL  - 3
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Author Information
  • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Hohoe Campus), University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho-Volta Region, Ghana

  • Institute for Environmental and Science Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

  • Department of Marine and Fisheries Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

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